Cambodia, Part 2

After a few hours' rest, we woke up and prepared for a full day of Cambodian temple gazing. Once again we headed out of Siem Reap and into the Angkor park, where we spent the next six hours or so seeing perhaps a dozen temples and a parade ground. Many of the early temples had been built with Hindu worship in mind, but as the nation transitioned to Buddhism, all of them were eventually repurposed. (At officially 96% Therevada Buddhist, Cambodia was probably the most religiously homogeneous place I've ever visited, short of Vatican City -- or Boston College.)

All of the temples, no matter their precise provenance, were monumental in scale. Vast bridges, huge gates, and tall towers were rendered more impressive by both the intricacies and complexities of their designs and decorations and the exclusive use of gray stone, now in a state of advanced decay. There's nothing like a thousand-year-old giant Buddhaface glaring at you as you pass beneath it into an enormous ruined temple to make you feel like you stepped into an Indiana Jones film -- especially with all the snake imagery, or nagas, slithering around.




We visited temple after temple, each one clearly different in design or setting, but similarly beautiful. Thinking back on it, it's sort of as if all of Europe's great cathedrals were brought into the same rainforest, and then allowed to decay for 800 to 1100 years. Some of the temples were complete ruins, although many have been adopted by UNESCO countries and are being rebuilt -- sometimes not very authentically. Some temples, notably Ta Prohm, are also famous for their odd trees, which seem to sprout directly out of the stone ruins, breaking the stone apart over hundreds of years but also now becoming its critical and inextricable support. I wonder what Byron would have made of these.





Finally we made our way back to Angkor Wat itself, seeing it in the full light of day. While it wasn't the spiritual experience of our sunrise journey, the scale and beauty of the temple was definitely clearer in the sun. All in all, Angkor Wat is the largest religious complex on the planet, and is perhaps the only one of the Angkor temples so important that it has never really been allowed to go to ruins, like the others. This time we approached from the West, going through the back gate and several courtyards before arriving at the center. The entire complex mirrors the home of the gods in Hinduism, the religion for which the temple was originally built, and then adapted to Buddhism. At the center is the temple proper, representing Mount Meru, the dwelling of the gods, with its five towers representing the five peaks. The radiating courtyards and their tall walls represent the surrounding mountain ranges, with the moat finally representing the ocean. The journey we took that morning was symbolically crossing from the profane to the sacred, climbing the mountains to visit the gods. The mountains in question, according to some and later Buddhist mythmaking, are the Himalayas I visited in Nepal.




After seeing the temples (and eating lunch at some point), we headed back into town and walked around local shops for a time. MP bought a dress and some other gifts, and I bought a Cambodian-style shirt, which is perfect for sweating in. We wandered around the touristy section of town, including Pub Street, and grabbed dinner at what I think was meant to be an Italian restaurant.


The next day, more temples awaited us. This time we hired a private guide and tuk tuk, and decided to see some of the outlying temples, as much as 45 kilometers away. The morning started with a bracing and long open-air tuk tuk drive out to the farthest point, the Banteay Srei temple -- Temple of Beauty (or Temple of Women). Built out of red sandstone, it's like a pink version of many of the other temples, but in "miniature" -- which is to say, towers only 30 or 40 feet high rather than hundreds of feet. It certainly has a miniature and intimate feel, and the red sandstone lends itself to more intricate carvings, which covered the place. Amazingly, the temple was built and consecrated by the middle of the 10th century.



On the way back our guide stopped and took us to see some of the locals making sugar out of sugar cane and local palms. The process is fun to watch and smells great, and we even got to taste some of the finished product.


Next came, surprise, more temples. A few were especially memorable, including a very dense one that is flooded during the rainy season, making each shrine, tower, and "library" an island separated from the others. I used the phrase "jungle of stone" in describing the tombs of the Maharanas of Udaipur; this was similar, except more meticulously planned out. I can't imagine how surreal (and buggy) this place must get when the rains come and fill up the canals you can see in the pictures below.



We visited a few more massive temples that truly did feel like climbing mountains. In the first picture below we had already ascended halfway up the temple; in the second, we're almost to the top, and still new spires keep rising. By the time you reach the top, in some cases you're above the canopy of trees and can see, five or six or a dozen kilometers across the rainforest, the spires of the other temples.



The last two temples were very different from each other. The first was the most water-themed temple we saw, and the only spherically organized one. Called the Neak Pean, at the center was a circular island with a spire, surrounded by a lake that rises and falls with the seasons. During the wet season, it overflows, and is channeled by the temple into four subsidiary pools in the cardinal directions, with spouts representing a man, a lion, a horse, and an elephant -- representing the elements earth, fire, wind and water. Bathing in each of the pools was said to balance the elements within each person, and bring health.


The final temple was by far the most destroyed, almost more ruins than temple. Wandering around was a lot of fun, though, and a pleasant way to come off of a bit of temple fatigue.


Our guide on this day was extremely pleasant and very knowledgeable about the temples and their history. Since we spent the whole day with him, inevitably we started veering off the topic of the temples. We were very interested in his background, and he in ours. He had gone to college to study tourism, and his career as a government-approved tour guide made him a success in his society. Despite his deep knowledge of the temples and the Hindu and Buddhist religions, when he asked about our religions I was surprised at how little he knew of the outside world -- especially being among the more educated class, having friends who were poets and novelists. He had never heard of the Jews or Israel (and thought Jerusalem was in Egypt), and when I tried to explain that the Jews were the people out of which the Christians arose and that Jesus was a Jew (thinking to impress him), we discovered he didn't know who Jesus was. He had heard of Christianity, but not of Jesus. I haven't yet decided what I think about that and what political or cultural statements I could make out of it, but I was honestly surprised.

So ended our time in Cambodia, which we had come to really enjoy. We had been staying in a guest house run by an expat British couple, and the place was so pleasant that I completely understood for once why someone in their 30s or 40s would choose to move to this place to run a hotel/pub and just enjoy life. Part of me really didn't want to leave.

Cambodia was not at all what I expected, and it lies outside of the themes and currents that seem to be sweeping up the rest of East Asia: globalization, commerce, modernization, ambition. The freneticism of places like Malaysia, Bangkok, Hong Kong, and even Singapore was not to be found here, and we were glad for it.

On to Thailand.

Cambodia, Part 1

Cambodia was the unexpected standout of our trip to East Asia. I didn't really know much about it before we arrived, other than the basics of its recent genocide under the Khmer Rouge and the role the country played in the Vietnam War. Without any expectations, I arrived to find one of the most relaxing and spiritual environments I've ever been in, rivaling or besting Nepal on both counts.


Cambodia's recent history is starkly at odds with what greeted us when we got off the plane in Siem Reap and made our way to our hotel on an extremely comfortable open-air tuk tuk. When most people think Cambodia, the first phrase that probably pops into their heads is "killing fields", but for a place with such carnage in its immediately recent past, there's no evidence, no bombed out buildings, no memorials, and nobody talks about it. (I wonder how that'll compare to Croatia, which I'm visiting soon.) You have to look deep and read between the lines, but the scars are there.

How could they not be? As recently as the 70s and 80s, 2 million people out of Cambodia's population of about 6 million were murdered or died in the Khmer Rouge genocide. More than half the population of Cham (Muslim) people were exterminated, and the ethnic Chinese population was reduced from 425,000 to about 60,000 through genocide and emigration. Whole classes of people were targeted for destruction -- professionals, the elite, all non-Cambodians, and anyone accused of sympathizing with the West. People were forcibly moved all around the country by the government; famine was the rule; and practically nobody was left unaffected. All of this ended as recently as 1991, and yet the casual tourist can spend an entire week with these sunny and immensely hospitable people and suspect nothing. When I think about it that way, it's eerie, like returning to the site of a murder to see an almost too perfect and tranquil scene.

Siem Reap is best known for its temples, the Angkor complex, but on our first day we got a peak into a completely different side of the country. After getting the lay of the land, MP and I headed to the Chong Khneas floating village on Tonle Sap, Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake. On the way we stopped by the GECKO Environmental Center to learn a bit about the ecology of the lake and the ways in which the changing water levels affect the people living near it. As you can see from some of the pictures, the lake rises and falls dozens of feet during a season, so that everything that doesn't float must be built on enormous stilts and connected with rickety ladders. Life expectancy in these villages is extremely low, and literacy is by far the exception.



After our quick stop at GECKO, we boarded a small boat with three or four other Westerners and set out for Chong Khneas. I didn't know what to expect from the "floating village", but its name pretty much describes it. Incredibly, tens of thousands of Vietnamese (some refugees) live on thousands of houseboats that drift back and forth near each other on the lake. They have home-boats, a school boat, a few stores and workplace -boats, and even a temple boat. This is a way of life I didn't realize existed outside of the movie Water World. The name is evocative and the scenery is beautiful, but these folk are among the poorest, least educated, most unhealthy, and shortest-living people in the world.





We went aboard twice: once on a boat that serves as a combination store and crocodile farm (crocodile skin is a major source of income), and again on a larger, western-style restaurant boat where we watched the sunset and ate dinner. The beauty of the locale was a bit marred by the hailstorm of bugs. After the sunset, we rode back in a tiny little boat, which of course had no lights but the hand torch of the driver (which he only turned on once every few minutes). There are no lights and the sky was pitch black, so part of me is amazed we made it back. The whole experience was incredible: getting out there, realizing that this is how people live, and the adventure of getting back. This is something I haven't seen anywhere else in the world.





The next morning we woke up an hour or two before dawn to take part in Cambodia's chief tourist ritual: sunrise at the Angkor Wat. The Angkor complex of temples is Cambodia's most important tourist site, a group of dozens if not hundreds of temples spanning scores of miles of the Khmer Empire's historic capital. Built over centuries during the Middle Ages, these temples range hugely in size, color, orientation, style, and, most obviously, degree of conservation. Some are almost entirely ruins, more Romantically inspiring than any derelict Scottish castle; others, such as Angkor Wat, are still in very good shape.

The experience and adventure of sunrise at Angkor Wat is not to be missed. Our hotel's tuk tuk driver picked us up at 430 AM or so and drove us out of Siem Reap and into the heart of the Angkor park. After stopping to buy our two-day pass to the temples, we continued down an intensely dark road, hurtling as fast as the tuk tuk could go, the wind deafening, the sky and the rainforest around us entirely black. Gradually we arrived at a dirt patch that serves as the parking lot, and without much explanation the tuk tuk driver pointed us in a direction and said he'd wait for us. We couldn't see anything and had no idea what we were supposed to do, so we stumbled in that direction and started seeing a few people. We followed them (many of whom seemed just as confused as we were), and we reached massive stone steps, leading to a long stone path. Eventually, this path became a bridge, and, still unable to see much and tripping every few seconds on the irregular surface that more resembled boulders placed next to each other than cobblestone to our blind feet, we realized that a few meters to either side there was a broad moat that took minutes to traverse.

We kept heading down the path, getting more excited with each step. Clearly something great was in store, and the fact that we couldn't see anything (really, in the US this place would have been shut down for liability reasons) and were stumbling towards it with, by now, hundreds of people, made it all the more surreal. We approached a massive shadow, which we realized was a tall stone wall, and passed through the gate to the enormous courtyard surrounding the temple. We kept walking several hundred meters down the path towards another hulking shadow, and we saw that everybody was gathered on the banks of a lake, sitting quietly and waiting for something.

We joined them. Like everybody, we pointed our heads straight on, but in the moonless night we couldn't see anything but vague spaces where the darkness seemed more profound than elsewhere. Ten minutes passed. A bit more. And then the very first rays of the sun peeked over the horizon and began to illuminate Angkor Wat. I snapped my first photo.


Let me tell you, this picture shows about ten times as much as we could see with our eyes. It wasn't until I looked at the photo that I had an inkling of what was coming. To us, it still seemed almost entirely dark. But then a few more minutes went by, and the temple began to emerge to the naked eye.


A few minutes passed again, and the sky began to take shape, gaining depth and greater color. Dawn was coming, but the sun was still hidden. Then, in an instant, the relative silence of the scene was broken twice in quick succession: in a moment, as if the entire species had been roused, swarms of cicadas awoke and the entire moated court was engulfed in noise. Another moment passed, and a group of Buddhist monks began their morning rites, chiming clear notes from their bells and drums and welcoming the sun. We stood there for a while and just watched as dawn happened. Then we wandered around and took some pictures before joining the slow recessional of awed and tired tourists, walking away from the temple, through the gate, across the bridge and moat, down the path and down the stairs, to our tuk tuk driver, through the rainforest, to our hotel, and back for a little sleep. When I woke up a few hours later I realized, the entire thing could have been a dream.



The experience was almost more beautiful than I had thought possible, and as we walked out, the light back on and reality reasserting itself, I thought of Prospero's words from The Tempest:

You do look, my son, in a moved sort,
As if you were dismay'd: be cheerful, sir.
Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits and
Are melted into air, into thin air:
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Ye all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.

We would return to Angkor Wat later that day, but it was not the same. The magic was the moment.

Malaysia: Adventures in Globalization, Pt. 2

The next day we traded the lessons of modern globalization in Kuala Lumpur for those of past globalization, and set out for Melaka -- or Malacca as you are probably used to seeing it. I'll use the Anglicized spelling for no reason other than I like it more. Malacca is a former capital of one of the major sultanates present on the Malay peninsula. The city, founded around 1400, was a natural seat for a power-hungry sultan due to its excellent natural harbor and, most importantly, its location on the Straits of Malacca. These straits are the main shipping route between the Indian and Pacific oceans, and one quarter of the world's traded goods pass through them each year -- including Indonesian coffee, huge amounts of Chinese manufactures, and one-quarter of the world's oil carried by sea. (These numbers come from wiki.) While the town is no longer of huge economic importance, its location at such a critical choke point explains why the Malacca Sultanate became so powerful so quickly, and why it only lasted less than a century before the town was conquered by a long line of empires -- the Portuguese in 1511, the Dutch in 1641, the British in 1824, the Japanese in 1942, and finally returned to the Malayan Union in 1946.

We took a bus down the peninsula in the morning and were in Malacca by noon. We wandered around the city center, which was made a UNESCO site in 2008, and walked through yet another Chinatown, stopping for lunch at Cafe1511, where we had some great local Nyonya-style food and admired their indoor pond.





From there we kept walking through the city center, passing the main city square built by the Dutch as well as a replica of a long-destroyed city wall. We also saw a replica of a water wheel, which included a plaque saying something like, "its constant movement represents the dynamism and progress of Malacca and Malaysia." Of course, the Law of Irony necessitated that it was stopped. We walked along the harbor and saw a replica of a Portuguese galleon, which is now Malacca's maritime museum. You might have noticed how many times the word "replica" is used in this paragraph; that's because about half of Malacca has been rebuilt in the last few years, and parts of the city definitely have a Disneyland feel to them. That being said, Malacca is incredibly pleasant and interesting, and certainly the highlight of our trip to Malaysia.







Next MP and I wanted to see the Straits of Malacca themselves, so on we walked. We arrived at the beach, and decided to go to the end of a long, two-story covered pier run by the Holiday Inn that would give us a great view of the waters. Although the pictures didn't do a great job capturing it, the waters are a beautiful clear blue and from the pier you can see the straits along with several of the small islands around them. On our walk back down the pier, we passed what we initially thought was some kind of dance club, which was one of the few things open mid-day on the pier. Upon closer inspection, it was a "gamer bar", where dozens of Malaysian nerds come to play violent video games on enormous screens and generally avoid sunlight.








Having seen Malacca's raison d'etre (the straits, not the nerdbar), we made our way back to the town center to see the other sights. We quickly arrived at what I was most looking forward to -- the ruins of A Famosa, the Portuguese fort built in the immediate aftermath of the Malacca Sultanate's defeat. Unfortunately, most of the fort was destroyed when the British took control of Malacca, since they didn't want to leave such a fortification in place, fearing that it might one day be used against them by another army or local resistance. Still, one of its gates remains, and the beautiful red stone is one of Malacca's iconic monuments.







After touring around the ruins, we went to the Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum, which is housed in an enormous replica of the Malacca Sultans' palace (as you might have guessed). Much of the museum was dedicated to the arts, crafts, tools, and general history of the Sultanate and its peoples, but there were a few especially interesting or funny exhibits. One involved the story of Hang Tuah, a Malay hero, told through a variety of corny dioramas. Hang Tuah was a warrior during the time of Sultan Mansur Shah and is still the most important and written-about hero in Malaysian literature. He was famous for his loyalty to the sultan, who at one point ordered him killed based on a rumor. He was hidden away by an ally at the court, and his best friend, Hang Jebat, believing him dead, went on a rampage through the sultan's palace. Knowing that only Hang Tuah could have killed Hang Jebat and stopped the rampage, the sultan lamented his decision to kill him. At that point Hang Tuah's allies tell the king that he isn't dead after all, and he is summoned, pardoned, and then, in an ultimate act of loyalty to the sultan, duels and kills his best friend, who was only trying to avenge what he thought was Hang Tuah's own wrongful execution. A lovely story of pointless death and betrayal, turned into a parable of loyalty.

A few other highlights of the museum. First, apparently the first sultan decided to build Malacca where he did because while he was hunting a deermouse and his hunting dogs had it cornered, the deermouse kicked one of the dogs and pushed it into the river. This was considered an unusual and auspicious sign, necessitating the founding of a new capital city. See below for the diorama showing this event. Also, we saw a complete diorama replica of the throne room, including the formal protocol arrangements where all of the important functionaries sat or stood, helping us understand the Sultanate's really intricate and interesting political system. And last, the Forbidden Garden, below.






From there we climbed a hill near A Famosa to see the ruins of St. Paul's church, which among other things was the first resting place of St. Francis Xavier before his "miraculously preserved" body was moved to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, India -- where, randomly, I had seen it a month before.







After that we descended the hill and saw the Stadthuys, an old Dutch building, literally "Town Hall", in Malacca's central Red Square. The almost 400-year-old building is massive and has served many functions over its history. Also in the square, built by the Dutch, was Christ Church Malacca, the oldest operating church in the city. The trademark red-pink color of all the buildings in the square is one of Malacca's iconic sights.





By this point we'd seen most of what Malacca had to offer, so we decided to start heading back towards the bus station, stopping by a few of the city's temples on the way. First up was Masjid Kampung Kling, built in 1748 and an architecturally fascinating mosque mixing many styles together. It includes Corinthian columns and an arcaded veranda, a Chinese pagoda-inspired minaret, and a typically Malaysian square (rather than rectangular or hexagonal) layout along with its triple-tiered hipped roof.


Next was Cheng Hoon Teng, a Taoist temple in Chinatown and the oldest temple in the city, where we got to see a ceremony in progress. The temple is magnificent: highly ornate and covered with carvings, paintings, and sculptures, it's also laid out according to the principles of Feng Shui.







From there we saw Kampung Hulu Mosque, the oldest functioning mosque in its original location in all of Malaysia. (As a friend, AB, pointed out on his own travel blog, everything in Malaysia is worthy of a superlative if you add enough modifiers.) It was actually commissioned by the Dutch, surprisingly, as a part of their new policy of pluralism in their empire. (Previously Malacca's first mosque had been destroyed by the Portuguese, who destroyed all non-Christian religious symbols.) Like Masjid Kampung Kling, this mosque includes a variety of styles, including a Javanese tiered roof topped with a Chinese-inspired pinnacle.





Farthest away from the rest of the town was St. Peter's Church, the oldest Roman Catholic church in the country. The church's bell was made in Goa. Unfortunately it was closed so we couldn't see inside, but the grounds included a monument to Mary and an installation representing Jesus's walking on water miracle in three of the four gospels, during which he rescued St. Peter, the church's namesake. (You are invited to walk in the very shallow water, if you like.)





We caught a cab for the last two miles to the bus station, where we hung out until our bus took us back to Kuala Lumpur. As I wrote in the KL post, we spent another day seeing the Petronas towers and touring the city before heading to our next port of call. Malaysia was interesting as much for the concepts it helped us visualize regarding globalization, the environment, and the importance of sea routes as anything else. It's certainly a country on the move, and if they have their way then the next time I visit they may be "a developed nation", as is their dearest wish. I doubt the same will be said for our next destination -- Cambodia, as beautiful in its ancient authenticity as Malaysia is interesting for its enforced modernity.